The Antibacterial Effectiveness of Red Ginger ( Zingiber Officinale Roscoe ) Essential Oil in Inhibiting The Growth of Staphylococcus Aureus and Streptococcus Mutans

Red ginger extract has a category strong antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans. Red ginger essential oil has the potential for stronger inhibition. This study aims to compare the antibacterial effectiveness of red ginger essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans. The design of this study was a laboratory experimental design with a factorial completely randomized design. The red ginger used in this study was proven to be a species of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. The production of essential oils in this study uses the steam distillation method. The content of secondary metabolites in red ginger was tested quantitatively by the GC-MS method. Determination of antibacterial activity using the disc diffusion method. The data were processed using the SPSS 21.0 program. The normality of data distribution was tested with the Shapiro-Wilk test, followed by one-way ANOVA, Levene's test, and the Tukey HSD Post Hoc Test. The results of the antibacterial test of red ginger essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus (21.21mm ± 0.315) and Streptoococcus mutans (23.43mm ± 0.189) proved that the inhibition power of the category was very strong at a concentration of 75%.


Introduction
Periodontal disease and caries are common in the oral cavity. In Indonesia, the prevalence of periodontal disease is 96.58%, while the pro ble m of caries is 25.9%. 1,2 The most comm o n periodontal diseases are gingivitis, periodontitis , and gingival abscess. 3,4 The main cause of gingival abscess is Gram-positive bacteria. Staphyloco c c u s aureus. 5 Dental caries occurs due to Grampositive bacteria Streptococcus mutans fermenting carbohydrates from food. 6,7 The main principle in the treatment of periodontal proble ms and dental caries is to eliminate the causes of disease, either throug h mechanical plaque removal or the use of chemicals. Mechanically, it can be done scaling, root planning and, brushing the teeth. 8,9 Antibiotics are chemicals used to kill bacteria that cause abscesses in the oral cavity. However, its use can cause bacterial resistance and eliminate other useful bacteria in the oral cavity. 10,11 The use of chlorhexidine mouthwash is effective in inhibiting bacterial growth and preventing the formation of dental plaque. 12,13 While the chlorhexidine mouthwash against Streptoco c c u s mutans showed an inhibition zone betwe e n 14.15m m to 21.39 mm. 13,17,18 Various studies using natural ingredients were carried out to find antibacterial alternative s

Method
This research is a laboratory experimental in vitro. The research design was factorial comple te l y randomize d design. The sampling method was done by using purposive sampling technique.

Research samples
The sample used in this study was red ginge r, which was taken from a family plantation in

Research tools
The tools used in this study were white tips, aluminum foil, cotton, tissue, gloves, cotton swabs, label paper, disc paper, masks, stahl flasks, oil heaters, 5mL syringes, stahl distillation tools, plastic wrap, GC-tools. MS, and calipers / rulers.

Method of collecting data
How to make red ginger essential oil The production of essential oils in this study uses the steam distillation method. A total of twenty five (25)

Antibacterial activity testing
Preparation of various concentrations of red ginger essential oil using the calculation formula N1 x V1 = N2 x V2. 24

Results of GCMS identification of red ginger essential oil
The results of GC-MS analysis of red ginge r essential oil showed the ten largest phytoche mi c al components detected (  (Figures 1 and 2). In this study, it was seen that the inhibition powe r produced by red ginger essential oil was highe r than 0.2% chlorhexidine.
In statistical analysis using the SPSS 21.0 program, the results of the data normality test for each group showed a p value> 0.05. The normall y distribute d data were analyzed using the one -way ANOVA test to determine the relationship betwe e n red ginger essential oil and the inhibition of growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptoco c c u s mutans bacteria during a 24 hour period (table 3).
The results showed a significant relationshi p between red ginger essential oil in inhibitin g Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (p value = 0.042) , and Streptococcus mutans (p value = 0.028).

Discussion
The results of this study prove that red ginge r essential oil is very effective in inhibiting Grampositive bacteria, especially Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, the inhibition zone of red ginger essential oil was ve ry strong at a concentration of 75% both against Staphylococcus aureus (21.21mm ± 0.315) and Streptococcus mutans (23.43mm ± 0.189) .

Conclusion
The results of this study detected a very strong antibacterial effect on the essential oil of red ginge r against Gram-positive bacteria.